Choosing Investments—Overview

Like every investor, you want to choose investments that will provide the growth and income you need to meet your financial goals. To do that, it's important to understand what your investment choices are and how different types of investments put your money to work. Risks and potential returns vary greatly from investment to investment. Stocks offer you the potential for growth, but they can be volatile. Bonds generally provide income and lower volatility, but also lower potential for growth. Treasury bills, CDs, and money market funds are insured, but may not keep up with inflation.

 

Think About Your Risk Tolerance and Needs

As a general rule, the younger you are and the more time you have to reach a financial goal, the more investment risk you can afford to take. That means, for example, when you're in your twenties and just starting your career, you may be able to take a more aggressive approach to investing for long-term goals. Aggressive investing means choosing investments that have the potential to provide greater return over an extended period. But these investments also expose you to more risk in the short term because their prices are volatile, which means they might move up and down rather quickly within a short period.

On the other hand, when you're in your late 50s or 60s, you'll probably want to be more cautious about taking on investment risk, since your portfolio may not have a chance to recover from a market downturn before you need to start drawing on your retirement assets. When you retire, your goal is not only providing continued growth while taking limited investment risk but also ensuring that you have a stream of income that can cover a portion of your living expenses.

But these are just guidelines. No single approach to choosing investments will work for everyone or will be right for every situation. Even when you're young, there may be circumstances that make it unwise to take a lot of investment risk—if, for example, you're still in school or have significant debt. Or you may simply be uncomfortable with that approach. Similarly, there may be situations when it makes sense to take more risk in your portfolio later in your working life. So you'll want to tailor your strategy to your own unique needs and circumstances.

 

What to Look for in All Investments

What does make sense for all investors is concentrating on investments that, however different they are from each other, share these important characteristics:

  • The investments are easy to evaluate because there's lots of information about them. Regulators require that certain information be disclosed to investors through documents such as mutual fund prospectuses, corporate filings for stock issued by public companies that trade on the major stock markets, and prospectuses or offering statements for bonds. In addition, you can find a wealth of real-time and historical market data for stocks, bonds, mutual funds and other securities on FINRA's Market Data page.
  • The investments are easy to buy and sell, either through a brokerage account or in some cases directly from the issuer. Thinly traded stocks or securities that aren't listed on a major exchange are rarely a good idea for most investors.
  • The sales charges for buying and selling the investments are clearly explained, as are any fees for selling within a certain time frame. FINRA's Fund Analyzer can help you compare up to three different mutual funds, classes of a single fund or exchange-traded funds.
  • The investments are registered with the SEC or your state's securities regulator, and the salespeople who sell them are licensed by FINRA. Use the SEC's EDGAR Database to check whether the investments are registered, and use FINRA BrokerCheck to confirm that a broker is licensed to sell securities.
  • You understand the risks of the investment and how it works.

This chart may help you start thinking about different types of investments and which to include in your portfolio:

 

Investment Options

 
  Yield Range in Recent Years Financial Risk Inflation Hedge Liquidity
Stocks
Common 8-20% Medium to High Good High
Preferred 5-9%
Bonds
Municipal 3-10% Low to Medium None Varies
Corporate High Quality 6-11% Low to Medium   Immediate
Junk Bonds 8-14% High   to 30 Years
Mutual Funds
(Money Market, Fund, Stocks, Bonds) 0-16% Low to High
Depends on skill of manager and fund objectives		 Good High
Real Estate
(Home, Rental Unit, Commercial Property) 0-20% Medium to High Good Low to Moderate
Collectibles
(Art, Antiques, Precious Metals, Gems) Few collections yield profits High Varies Low to Moderate
Futures Contracts
  0-30% High Good High
This worksheet reprinted with permission and courtesy of Eastern Michigan University, National Institute for Consumer Education. The information is for general educational purposes and is not intended as specific advice for individuals.